Fear Avoidance Beliefs in Upper-Extremity Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions: Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Clinical Study on Digital Care Programs

Abstract

Background. Fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) have been associated with poorer prognosis and decreased adherence to exercise-based treatments in musculoskeletal (MSK) pain. However, the impact of high FAB on adherence and outcomes in upper extremity MSK (UEMSK) pain is poorly explored, particularly through exercise-based digital care programs (DCP). Objective. Assess the adherence levels, clinical outcomes and satisfaction in patients with UEMSK pain and elevated FAB after a fully remote multimodal DCP. Associations between FABQ-PA and clinical outcomes were conducted. Methods. Secondary analysis of an ongoing clinical trial. Participants with UEMSK pain (shoulder, elbow, and wrist/hand) and elevated FAB-physical activity (FABQ-PA 15) were included. Adherence (completion rate, sessions/week, total exercise time) and mean change in clinical outcomes—disability (QuickDASH), numerical pain score, FABQ-PA, anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9)—between baseline and end-of-program were assessed. Associations between FABQ-PA and clinical outcomes were conducted. Results. 520 participants were included, with mean baseline FABQ-PA of 18.02 (SD 2.77). Patients performed on average 29.3 exercise sessions (2.8 sessions/week), totalizing 338.2 exercise minutes. Mean satisfaction was 8.5/10 (SD 1.7). Significant improvements were observed in all clinical outcomes. Higher baseline FAB were associated with higher baseline disability (P<.001), and smaller improvements in disability (P<.001) and pain (P¼.001). Higher engagement was associated with greater improvements in FABQ-PA (P¼.043) and pain (P¼0.009). Conclusions. This study provides evidence of the potential benefits of a structured and multimodal home-based DCP in the management of UEMSK pain conditions in patients with elevated FAB in a real-world context.