Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10316/111928
Title: A 3D-Printed Ceramics Innovative Firing Technique: A Numerical and Experimental Study
Authors: Santos, Tiago
Ramani, Melinda
Devesa, Susana 
Batista, Catarina
Franco, Margarida
Duarte, Isabel Catarina 
Costa, Luís
Ferreira, Nelson
Alves, Nuno
Pascoal-Faria, Paula 
Keywords: 3D printing; ceramics; stoneware; numerical analysis; sintering technology; microwave firing
Issue Date: 15-Sep-2023
Publisher: MDPI
Project: UIDB/04044/2020 
UIDP/04044/2020 
LA/P/0112/2020 
PC644865234-00000004 
PTDC/EMESIS/32554/2017 
02-C05-i01.01-2022 
CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000014-3362 
Serial title, monograph or event: Materials
Volume: 16
Issue: 18
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, allows the fabrication of complex parts, which are impossible or very expensive to produce using traditional processes. That is the case for dinnerware and artworks (stoneware, porcelain and clay-based products). After the piece is formed, the greenware is fired at high temperatures so that these pieces gain its mechanical strength and aesthetics. The conventional (gas or resistive heating elements) firing usually requires long heating cycles, presently requiring around 10 h to reach temperatures as high as 1200 °C. Searching for faster processes, 3D-printed stoneware were fired using microwave (MW) radiation. The pieces were fired within 10% of the conventional processing time. The temperature were controlled using a pyrometer and monitored using Process Temperature Control Rings (PTCRs). An error of 1.25% was calculated between the PTCR (1207 ± 15 °C) and the pyrometer (1200 °C). Microwave-fast-fired pieces show similar mechanical strength to the references and to the electrically fast-fired pieces (41, 46 and 34 (N/mm2), respectively), presenting aesthetic features closer to the reference. Total porosities of ~4%, ~5% and ~9% were determined for microwave, electrically fast-fired and reference samples. Numerical studies have shown to be essential to better understand and improve the firing process using microwave radiation. In summary, microwave heating can be employed as an alternative to stoneware conventional firing methods, not compromising the quality and features of the processed pieces, and with gains in the heating time.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/10316/111928
ISSN: 1996-1944
DOI: 10.3390/ma16186236
Rights: openAccess
Appears in Collections:FCTUC Eng.Mecânica - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais
I&D CEMMPRE - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais

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