Interoperability standards for circular manufacturing in cyber-physical ecosystems: a survey

Abstract

Cyber-physical ecosystems are among the most promising solutions to adopt circular manufacturing (CM), extending product lifecycles with customer-centric approaches that optimize energy and materials use in interconnected organizations. However, information sharing increases significantly, putting standardization at the top of the industry priorities. This paper reviews interoperability standards for circular manufacturing and devises initial guidelines for its identification and management in cyber-physical ecosystems. The study was conducted within the framework of KYKLOS 4.0, one of the innovative Horizon 2020 projects advancing the field. The results include (1) an overview of interoperability standards in manufacturing and (2) the proposal of a standards list to support circular practices. Our findings are relevant for identifying circularity requirements in cyber-physical ecosystems and defining an interoperability baseline. As more standards appear in the market, continuous interoperability assessment and cyber-physical structures for multi-standard scenarios must enter the manufacturers’ agenda.