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Title: | Predictors of Anxiety in the COVID-19 Pandemic from a Global Perspective: Data from 23 Countries | Authors: | Burkova, Valentina N. Butovskaya, Marina L. Randall, Ashley K. Fedenok, Julija N. Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh Alghraibeh, Ahmad M. Allami, Fathil Bakir Mutsher Alpaslan, Fadime Suata Al-Zu’bi, Mohammad Ahmad Abdelaziz Biçer, Derya Fatma Cetinkaya, Hakan David, Oana Alexandra Donato, Silvia Dural, Seda Erickson, Paige Ermakov, Alexey M. Ertuğrul, Berna Fayankinnu, Emmanuel Abiodun Fisher, Maryanne L. Hocker, Lauren Hromatko, Ivana Kasparova, Elena Kavina, Alexander Khatatbeh, Yahya M. Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol Kline, Kai M. Koç, Fırat Kolodkin, Vladimir MacEacheron, Melanie Maruf, Irma Rachmawati Mesko, Norbert Mkrtchyan, Ruzan Nurisnaeny, Poppy Setiawati Ojedokun, Oluyinka Adebayo, Damilola Omar-Fauzee, Mohd S. B. Özener, Barış Ponciano, Edna Lúcia Tinoco Rizwan, Muhammad Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka Spodina, Victoriya I. Stoyanova, Stanislava Tripathi, Nachiketa Upadhyay, Satwik Weisfeld, Carol Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yusof, Mat Rahimi Zinurova, Raushaniia I. |
Keywords: | COVID-19 pandemic; SARS-CoV-2 infection; Anxiety; Stress; Cross-cultural; Individualism; Collectivism; Power distance; Looseness; Tightness | Issue Date: | 4-Apr-2021 | Publisher: | MDPI | Project: | 075-15-2020-910 K125437 |
Serial title, monograph or event: | Sustainability | Volume: | 13 | Issue: | 7 | Place of publication or event: | Basel | Abstract: | Prior and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have resulted in substantial changes to everyday life. The pandemic and measures of its control affect mental health negatively. Self-reported data from 15,375 participants from 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two questionnaires measuring anxiety level were used in this study—the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). The associations between a set of social indicators on anxiety during COVID-19 (e.g., sex, age, country, live alone) were tested as well. Self-reported anxiety during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic varied across countries, with the maximum levels reported for Brazil, Canada, Italy, Iraq and the USA. Sex differences of anxiety levels during COVID-19 were also examined, and results showed women reported higher levels of anxiety compared to men. Overall, our results demonstrated that the self-reported symptoms of anxiety were higher compared to those reported in general before pandemic. We conclude that such cultural dimensions as individualism/collectivism, power distance and looseness/tightness may function as protective adaptive mechanisms against the development of anxiety disorders in a pandemic situation. | URI: | https://hdl.handle.net/10316/100431 | ISSN: | 2071-1050 | DOI: | 10.3390/su13074017 | Rights: | openAccess |
Appears in Collections: | I&D CES - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais |
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Predictors of anxiety in the covid-19 pandemic.pdf | 3.62 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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